{"id":6589,"date":"2026-06-04T14:28:39","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T06:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/minghanggroup.com\/?p=6589"},"modified":"2026-06-04T15:01:14","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T07:01:14","slug":"understanding-glass-milk-bottle-wall-thickness-tolerance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minghanggroup.com\/ar\/understanding-glass-milk-bottle-wall-thickness-tolerance\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>

The vast majority of suppliers will not bother answering.<\/p>

That\u2019s one of the biggest unseen risks in the procurement of \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/a>, as wall thickness variation is not usually listed on a quotation sheet, but it directly influences breakage rates, the performance of the glass-filling line, thermal shock resistance, stability of the glass-pallets system, and long-term customer complaints.<\/p>

This is something that I learned years ago looking at a rejected batch of 500ml \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/a>. The supplier claimed that the bottles conformed with dimensional requirements. The buyer was convinced that the bottles were failing during pasteurization. Both were grammatically accurate.<\/p>

It was not the size of the bottle.<\/p>

It was the distribution of thickness.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Importance of Glass Milk Bottle Wall Thickness Tolerance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A glass milk bottle is NOT a solid block of material.<\/p>

It is a pressure container.<\/p>

Each millimetre of glass will affect the stress distribution throughout the container during filling, capping, refrigeration, transportation and consumer use.<\/p>

If the thickness is too uneven, the stress doesn\u2019t distribute evenly.<\/p>

Instead, it concentrates.<\/p>

That concentration makes weak points.<\/p>

It is possible for a bottle to pass inspection in the glass bottle factory<\/a> but to break during shipping or in the pasteurizer weeks later.<\/p>

That\u2019s why more and more professional dairy brands are demanding documented glass milk bottle wall thickness tolerance reports prior to enabling mass production.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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How Thick Can The Wall Be In The Glass Milk Bottle Before It Fails?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The short answer:<\/p>

Most commercial buyers are looking for a wall thickness range of \u00b10.3 mm to \u00b10.5 mm depending on the bottle design, bottle filling conditions and quality specifications.<\/p>

Many procurement specifications call for the following for premium dairy packaging:<\/p>

\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/td>Typical Wall Thickness<\/td>Recommended Tolerance<\/td><\/tr>
250ml Milk Bottle<\/td>2.5\u20133.0 mm<\/td>\u00b10.3 mm<\/td><\/tr>
500ml Milk Bottle<\/td>3.0\u20134.0 mm<\/td>\u00b10.3\u20130.5 mm<\/td><\/tr>
1000ml Milk Bottle<\/td>3.5\u20134.5 mm<\/td>\u00b10.5 mm<\/td><\/tr>
Returnable Milk Bottle<\/td>4.0\u20135.5 mm<\/td>\u00b10.3 mm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

But here is the uncomfortable reality.<\/p>

Many factories only measure average thickness.<\/p>

The average number means very little if one side measures 2.7 mm and the opposite side measures 3.8 mm.<\/p>

The bottle may technically meet average specifications while still carrying a significant structural imbalance.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Hidden Cost of Wall Thickness Variation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Three words.<\/p>

Stress concentration zones.<\/p>

A bottle with uneven thickness expands and contracts unevenly during temperature changes.<\/p>

Consider a milk processing line:<\/p>

  • Bottle temperature: 18\u00b0C<\/li>
  • Filling temperature: 72\u00b0C<\/li>
  • Cooling tunnel: 4\u00b0C<\/li><\/ul>

    The glass experiences multiple thermal transitions within a short period.<\/p>

    Areas with reduced thickness absorb heat faster.<\/p>

    Thicker regions expand more slowly.<\/p>

    The result?<\/p>

    Internal stress.<\/p>

    And stress accumulation is one of the leading causes of bottle failure.<\/p>

    According to research published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on glass material behavior, structural inconsistencies significantly influence fracture propagation under thermal and mechanical loading conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    How Manufacturers Measure Glass Bottle Wall Thickness Uniformity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    This is where supplier quality separates itself.<\/p>

    A serious manufacturer does not rely on visual inspection.<\/p>

    Instead, thickness is measured using multiple methods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t

    Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The most common industrial solution.<\/p>

    Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>

    • Non-destructive<\/li>
    • Fast measurement<\/li>
    • Suitable for mass sampling<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t

      Laser Scanning Systems<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

      Used by higher-end manufacturers.<\/p>

      Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>

      • Full profile mapping<\/li>
      • Higher accuracy<\/li>
      • Automated data collection<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t

        Sectioned Sample Analysis<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

        H3: Sectioned Sample Analysis<\/p>

        A destructive laboratory method.<\/p>

        Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>

        • Extremely accurate<\/li>
        • Useful for mold validation<\/li><\/ul>

          Disadvantages:<\/strong><\/p>

          Not suitable for every batch<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Why Thickness Uniformity Matters More Than Average Thickness\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          I often see buyers asking:<\/p>

          \u201cWhat is the bottle wall thickness?\u201d<\/p>

          Wrong question.<\/p>

          The better question is:<\/p>

          \u201cHow uniform is the wall thickness throughout the bottle?\u201d<\/p>

          Consider these two examples.<\/p>
          Bottle A<\/td>Bottle B<\/td><\/tr>
          Average Thickness: 3.2 mm<\/td>Average Thickness: 3.2 mm<\/td><\/tr>
          Variation: \u00b10.2 mm<\/td>Variation: \u00b10.9 mm<\/td><\/tr>
          Uniform Stress Distribution<\/td>High Stress Concentration<\/td><\/tr>
          Better Thermal Performance<\/td>Higher Failure Risk<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

          Both bottles report the same average thickness.<\/p>

          Only one performs reliably.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          What Causes Excessive Thickness Variation?\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          Several manufacturing factors contribute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Mold Wear<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          As molds age, glass distribution becomes less consistent.<\/p>

          Extended mold life saves factories money.<\/p>

          But it often increases dimensional variation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Gob Weight Inconsistency<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645.<\/p>

          \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Blow-and-Blow Process Variability<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          Machine settings influence how glass spreads inside the mold.<\/p>

          Poor calibration results in uneven wall formation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Temperature Instability<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          Glass viscosity changes with temperature.<\/p>

          Even minor furnace fluctuations can affect thickness distribution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Bulk Glass Milk Bottle Thickness Standards Buyers Should Request<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          Professional importers increasingly require:<\/p>
          QC Requirement<\/td>Recommended Standard<\/td><\/tr>
          Thickness Variation<\/td>\u00b10.3\u20130.5 mm<\/td><\/tr>
          Visual Inspection<\/td>100% Automated<\/td><\/tr>
          Sampling Plan<\/td>ANSI\/ASQ Z1.4<\/td><\/tr>
          Annealing Verification<\/td>Required<\/td><\/tr>
          Thickness Mapping Report<\/td>Required<\/td><\/tr>
          Production Sample Approval<\/td>Required<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

          Many suppliers provide dimensional drawings.<\/p>

          Far fewer provide thickness distribution reports.<\/p>

          That distinction matters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          Why Returnable Milk Bottles Need Tighter Tolerances<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          Reusable bottles face additional stress.<\/p>

          Each cycle includes:<\/p>

          • Collection<\/li>
          • Washing<\/li>
          • Sterilization<\/li>
          • Refilling<\/li>
          • Transportation<\/li><\/ul>

            After 10\u201320 reuse cycles, small structural inconsistencies become larger performance risks.<\/p>

            According to packaging research discussed by Reuters manufacturing coverage, sustainability initiatives continue increasing demand for reusable packaging systems, placing greater emphasis on durability testing and lifecycle performance.<\/p>

            For returnable systems, many dairy brands specify tighter thickness tolerances than single-use containers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            Glass Milk Bottle Quality Control Inspection Checklist<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            Before approving production, buyers should verify:<\/p>

            \u2714 Thickness uniformity report<\/p>

            \u2714 Annealing inspection report<\/p>

            \u2714 Mold maintenance records<\/p>

            \u2714 Thermal shock testing data<\/p>

            \u2714 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/p>

            \u2714 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/p>

            \u2714 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>

            \u2714 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 AQL<\/p>

            \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            Thickness Variation<\/td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
            \u00b10.2 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631<\/td><\/tr>
            \u00b10.3 mm<\/td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/td><\/tr>
            \u00b10.5 mm<\/td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
            \u00b10.8 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td><\/tr>
            \u00b11.0 \u0645\u0645+<\/td>\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0629 500 \u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0629 500 \u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00b10.3 \u0645\u0645 \u0648 \u00b10.5 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0640 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\" \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>

            \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>

            \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u00b10.5 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639.<\/p>

            \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>

            \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>

            \u0646\u0639\u0645. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631.<\/p>

            \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>

            \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>

            \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>

            \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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